Lightweight Thermal Insulating Cement Based Materials

ABSTRACT

A lightweight thermal insulating cement-based material is formed from a mixture that includes cement, water and a foaming agent. The foaming agent can be an aluminum powder or a surfactant. The insulating material has a maximum use temperature of about 900 degrees Celsius or more.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of composite materials and, more particularly, to lightweight thermal insulating cement based materials.

BACKGROUND ART

None.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a lightweight thermal insulating cement-based material (“insulating material”) formed from a mixture that includes cement, water and a foaming agent. The foaming agent can be an aluminum powder or a surfactant. The insulating material has a maximum use temperature of about 900 degrees Celsius or more.

In addition, the present invention provides an insulating material formed from a mixture that includes cement in an amount of about 25 to 90% of weight wet, water in an amount of about 10 to 70% of weight wet, and a foaming agent. The foaming agent can be an aluminum powder in an amount of about 0.5 to 3.0% by weight of the cement or a surfactant in an amount of about 0.05 to 4.0% by weight of the water. The insulating material has a maximum use temperature of about 900 degrees Celsius or more, a density in the range of about 0.05 to 1.0 g/cm3, a thermal conductivity in the range of about 0.02 to 1.0 W/(m·K), a compressive strength in the range of about 10 to 3000 PSI, and a flexural strength in the range of about 10 to 3000 PSI.

Moreover, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing an insulating material by mixing a cement with water, foaming the cement-water mixture using a foaming agent, pouring the foamed cement-water mixture into a mold and allowing the foamed cement-water mixture to rise to form the insulating material, removing the insulating material from the mold and curing the insulating material. The insulating material has a maximum use temperature of about 900 degrees Celsius or more.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing an insulating material by mixing a cement in an amount of about 25 to 90% of weight wet with water in an amount of about 10 to 70% of weight wet, foaming the cement-water mixture using a foaming agent (an aluminum powder in an amount of about 0.5 to 3.0% by weight of the cement or a surfactant in an amount of about 0.05 to 4.0% by weight of the water), pouring the foamed cement-water mixture into a mold and allowing the foamed cement-water mixture to rise to form the insulating material, removing the insulating material from the mold and curing the insulating material. The insulating material has a maximum use temperature of about 900 degrees Celsius or more, a density in the range of about 0.05 to 1.0 g/cm³, a thermal conductivity in the range of about 0.02 to 1.0 W/(m·K), a compressive strength in the range of about 10 to 3000 PSI, and a flexural strength in the range of about 10 to 3000 PSI.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and further advantages of the invention may be better understood by referring to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

None.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While the making and using of various embodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention and do not delimit the scope of the invention.

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), calcium aluminate cement (CAC), Sorel cement (magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride cements), CSA cement (calcium sulphate aluminate cement), phosphate cement, geo-polymer cement or other cement type known in the State-of-the-Art, in its wet state with water added before setting, can be foamed up with reacting aluminum powder or the use of a surfactant. The more the wet material is foamed by adding higher amounts of aluminum or surfactant, the lighter weight and lower density it will be and as a result the more insulating the set and dried material will be. Following setting and drying, when based on OPC, the insulating material can be used below freezing, minimum −273 degrees Celsius, or have a maximum use temperature up to approximately 900 degrees Celsius, and when based on CAC, Sorel cement, CSA cement, phosphate cement, geo-polymer cement or other cement types, the insulating material will have a maximum use temperature up to approximately 1800 degrees Celsius.

The cementitious binder can be used in combination with a multitude of additive materials such as sand, gypsum, silica fume, fumed silica, plaster of Paris, fly ash, slag, rock, glass fiber, plastic fiber, etc. Moreover, the insulating material can be strengthened by adding a strength increasing admixture, such as fumed silica (e.g., Cab-O-Sil EH-5 or similar by Cabot Corporation).

To make the foamed cement-water mixture, the water to cement ratio by weight is typically in the range of about 0.2 to 2.0. When foaming mixtures with lower water to cement ratios in the range of about 0.2 to 1.0 these are as an option made more fluid by adding a conventional plasticizer or high range water reducer (HRWR) in an amount of 0.25 to 4.0% of the cement weight.

As one embodiment, the cement-water-based foam is sometimes stabilized by the addition of a rheology modifying agent. The rheology modifying agent will typically be added in an amount of 0.1 to 5% of the cement weight.

The rheology-modifying agents fall into the following categories: (1) polysaccharides and derivatives thereof, (2) proteins and derivatives thereof, and (3) synthetic organic materials. Polysaccharide rheology-modifying agents can be further subdivided into (a) cellulose-based materials and derivatives thereof, (b) starch based materials and derivatives thereof, and (c) other polysaccharides.

Suitable cellulose-based rheology-modifying agents include, for example, methylhydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxymethylethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxyethylpropylcellulose, etc.

Suitable starch based materials include, for example, wheat starch, pre-gelled wheat starch, potato starch, pre-gelled potato starch, amylopectin, amylose, seagel, starch acetates, starch hydroxyethyl ethers, ionic starches, long-chain alkylstarches, dextrins, amine starches, phosphate starches, and dialdehyde starches.

The currently preferred rheology-modifying agent is hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, examples of which are Methocel 240 and Methocel 240S.

When using aluminum as a foaming agent, the aluminum is typically in a particle size below 100 microns. The aluminum can be added as a dry powder, or as a paste in a mixture with water or diethyleneglycol and for some applications can also be used in a retarded version. The preferred aluminum is purchased from the company Eckart (a German company). Typically, the aluminum is added in an amount of about 0.05 to 3% by weight of the cement weight. When foaming OPC cement based mixes, the water and cement are typically mixed first for about 1 to 5 minutes where after the aluminum is added and mixed for about 5 seconds to 1 minute. When foaming CAC cement based mixes and most other cement types, the water, cement and rheology modifying agent are typically mixed first for about 1 to 5 minutes, where after calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or similar pH increasing agent is added in an amount of about 0.5 to 10% of the water weight and mixed for about 5 seconds to 1 minute, and finally the aluminum is added and mixed for about 5 seconds to 1 minute.

When using surfactant as a foaming agent, it is preferred that the water and rheology modifying agent are mixed first to make a viscous water phase that is then mixed with the cement, fiber, and foaming agent. The typical mixing time is about 1 to 10 minutes depending on the type of mixer. Alternatively, the surfactant can be premixed with 1-90% of the water to prepare a foam that is then added, or the water mixture can be foamed by passing through a venture-type foaming aggregate nozzle (similar to making shaving foam) that is added to the fiber mixture. The rheology modifying agent is used to stabilize the foam stability and also helps in developing a smaller cell structure in the foam.

By adding a reinforcement fiber to the material increased foam stability will be achieved before setting of the cement, which is especially important when making materials with a dry density in the range of about 0.05 to 0.3 g/cm³. Further, the fiber addition has been found to reduce or eliminate material shrinkage and drying shrinkage cracks during the drying phase of the production process, and further provide increased flexural strength and toughness of the dry material. The preferred type of fiber is cellulose (hardwood or softwood), plastic (based on poly vinyl alcohol or acrylic) and glass fiber; cellulose and plastic fiber is primarily used for insulation intended for below freezing or ambient temperatures, whereas glass fiber is primarily used for insulation intended for temperatures above ambient or where fire resistance is required. Also, combinations of fiber types can be applied. The preferred fiber length is from about 1 to 2 mm for the cellulose fiber, about 4 to 10 mm for the plastic fiber and about 6 to 20 mm for the glass fiber. The preferred fiber diameter is about 10 to 40 microns.

Following mixing, the mixture is poured into a mold system, which can be in the shape of a pipe, half-pipe, block, panel, sheet or other desired shape. For example, a large mold box (e.g., 3 to 6 meters long by 1 to 1.5 meters wide by 0.6 to 1.2 meters tall, etc.) can be used. When using aluminum powder as a foaming agent, the mixture is allowed to rise (due to the formation of hydrogen bubbles as the aluminum reacts with the hydroxyl ions) and fill the mold over the next 0.5 to 2 hours.

When using a surfactant as the foaming agent, the surfactant is specially chosen to have a high degree of foam stability and to generate the right bubble size. One such air entraining agent is sold by the company Sika. The surfactant is typically added in an amount of about 0.05 to 4.0% of the weight of water. The water, cement, surfactant and rheology modifying agent are typically mixed for about 1 to 10 minutes to foam up the mixture. Following mixing, the foamed mixture is poured into the mold system and is allowed to set.

Following hardening, the wet material will be de-molded and cut to size, trimmed, etc. For example, a block of the hardened material can be cut into panels, sheets or other desired shapes.

To develop the final 28 days strength of products made from OPC cement, the product is either allowed to sit around for 28 days in a humid environment, or the strength development can be accelerated within 24-48 hours by heating either by its own internal (exothermic) heat development or by steam curing such as is conventional in the State-of-the-Art.

Products made from CAC cement, Sorel cement, CSA cement, phosphate cement, geo-polymer cement or other cement types will achieve its final strength in 24 hours and does not necessarily require additional curing.

After achieving the final strength development, the product is dried to generate the finished lightweight insulating composite.

In one embodiment, the finished product can be made water repellent by spraying the product with water or solvent based silane. Such product, Protectosil BHN, is typically sold by

BASF. The finished product can also be sprayed with anti-fungal or anti-microbial coatings. Moreover, the finished product can be painted, stained or textured.

The finished lightweight cement based insulating composite will have a density in the range of about 0.05-1.0 g/cm³, a compressive strength in the range of about 10-3000 PSI, a flexural strength in the range of about 10 to 3000 PSI, and a heat conductance in the range of about 0.02-1.0 W/mK.

The compositional ranges are shown below:

Material Component Wt. % Range of Wet Cement: OPC, CAC, Sorel cement, CSA cement, 25 to 90 phosphate cement, geo-polymer cement, etc. Water 10 to 70 Secondary Material (optional): Sand, rock, fly ash, slag, silica fume,  0 to 50 calcium carbonate, gypsum, etc. Strength Increasing Admixture (optional)  0 to 10 Reinforcement Fiber (optional)  0 to 20 Rheology-Modifying Agent of Cement  0 to 4.0 (optional) Foaming Agent: Aluminum Powder of Cement, or 0.5 to 3.0 Surfactant of Water 0.05 to 4.0  pH Increasing Agent: CaO, CaOH₂, NaOH or similar material 0.5 to 10  of Water (optional)

The cement can be 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89% or 90% by weight or other incremental percentage between.

The water can be 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69% or 70% by weight or other incremental percentage between.

The secondary material can be 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49% or 50% by weight or other incremental percentage between.

The strength increasing admixture can be 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight or other incremental percentage between.

The reinforcement fiber can be 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19% or 20% by weight or other incremental percentage between.

The rheology modifying agent can be 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9% or 4.0% by weight or other incremental percentage between.

The aluminum powder of cement can be 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9% or 3.0% by weight or other incremental percentage between.

The pH increasing agent can be 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, by weight or other incremental percentage between.

The surfactant of water can be 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9% or 4.0% by weight or other incremental percentage between.

As a result, the present invention provides a lightweight thermal insulating cement-based material (“insulating material”) formed from a mixture that includes cement, water and a foaming agent. The foaming agent can be an aluminum powder or a surfactant. The OPC-based insulating material has a maximum use temperature of about 900 degrees Celsius. The CAC, Sorel cement, CSA cement, phosphate cement, geo-polymer cement or other cement-based insulating material has a maximum use temperature of about 1800 degrees Celsius.

In addition, the present invention provides an insulating material formed from a mixture that includes cement in an amount of about 25 to 90% of weight wet, water in an amount of about 10 to 70% of weight wet, and a foaming agent. The foaming agent can be an aluminum powder in an amount of about 0.5 to 3.0% by weight of the cement or a surfactant in an amount of about 0.05 to 4.0% by weight of the water. The insulating material has a density in the range of about 0.05 to 1.0 g/cm³, a thermal conductivity in the range of about 0.02 to 1.0 W/(m·K), a compressive strength in the range of about 10 to 3000 PSI, and a flexural strength in the range of about 10 to 3000 PSI.

Moreover, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing an insulating material by mixing a cement with water, foaming the cement-water mixture using a foaming agent, pouring the foamed cement-water mixture into a mold and allowing the foamed cement-water mixture to rise to form the insulating material and removing the insulating material from the mold. The OPC-based insulating material has a maximum use temperature of about 900 degrees Celsius. The CAC, Sorel cement, CSA cement, phosphate cement, geo-polymer cement or other cement-based insulating material has a maximum use temperature of about 1800 degrees Celsius.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing an insulating material by mixing cement in an amount of about 25 to 90% of weight wet with water in an amount of about 10 to 70% of weight wet, foaming the cement-water mixture using a foaming agent (an aluminum powder in an amount of about 0.5 to 3.0% by weight of the cement or a surfactant in an amount of about 0.05 to 4.0% by weight of the water), pouring the foamed cement-water mixture into a mold and allowing the foamed cement-water mixture to rise to form the insulating material, removing the insulating material from the mold and heat treating the insulating material. The insulating material has a density in the range of about 0.05 to 1.0 g/cm³, a thermal conductivity in the range of about 0.02 to 1.0 W/(m·K), a compressive strength in the range of about 10 to 3000 PSI, and a flexural strength in the range of about 10 to 3000 PSI.

Although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. 

1-27. (canceled)
 28. An insulating material formed from a mixture comprising: a cement in an amount of about 25 to 90% of weight wet; water in an amount of about 10 to 70% of weight wet; a foaming agent comprising an aluminum powder in an amount of about 0.5 to 3.0% by weight of the cement or a surfactant in an amount of about 0.05 to 4.0% by weight of the water; and the insulating material having a maximum use temperature of about 900 degrees Celsius or more, a density in the range of about 0.05 to 1.0 g/cm³, a thermal conductivity in the range of about 0.02 to 1.0 W/(m·K), a compressive strength in the range of about 10 to 3000 PSI, and a flexural strength in the range of about 10 to 3000 PSI.
 29. The insulating material as recited in claim 28, the insulating material having the maximum use temperature of about 1800 degrees Celsius, or a minimum use temperature of about −273 degrees Celsius.
 30. The insulating material as recited in claim 28, the cement comprising an Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), a calcium aluminate cement (CAC), a Sorel cement, a CSA cement, phosphate cement, or a geo-polymer cement.
 31. The insulating material as recited in claim 28, the cement-water mixture having a water to cement ratio by weight in the range of about 0.2 to 2.0.
 32. The insulating material as recited in claim 31, further comprising a conventional high range water reducer in the range of about 0.25 to 4.0% of the cement weight when the water to cement ratio by weight is in the range of about 0.2 to 1.0.
 33. The insulating material as recited in claim 28, further comprising an additive material in an amount of about 0.1 to 50% of weight wet and selected from the group consisting essentially of cement, gypsum, silica fume, fumed silica, plaster of Paris, fly ash, slag, rock and fiber.
 34. (canceled)
 35. The insulating material as recited in claim 33, the fiber is in an amount of about 0.1 to 20% of weight wet and comprise glass fibers, cellulose fibers polyvinyl alcohol fibers, polypropylene fibers, or a combination thereof.
 36. (canceled)
 37. The insulating material as recited in claim 28, further comprising a strength increasing material in an amount of about 0.1 to 10% of weight wet and comprising fumed silica.
 38. (canceled)
 39. The insulating material as recited in claim 28, further comprising a rheology-modifying agent in an amount of about 0.1 to 4.0% of a weight of the cement and selected from the group consisting essentially of polysaccharides, polysaccharide derivatives, proteins, protein derivatives thereof and synthetic organic materials. 40-41. (canceled)
 42. The insulating material as recited in claim 39, wherein: the polysaccharides are selected from the group consisting essentially of cellulose-based materials, derivatives of cellulose-based materials, starch-based materials, and derivatives of starch-based materials; the cellulose-based materials are selected from the group consisting essentially of methylhydroxyethylcellulose (MHEC), hydroxymethylethylcellulose (HMEC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), methylcellulose (MC), ethylcellulose (EC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), hydroxyethylpropylcellulose (HEPC) and hydroxypropoylmethylcelluose (HPMC); and the starch-based materials are selected from the group consisting essentially of wheat starch, pre-gelled wheat starch, potato starch, pre-gelled potato starch, amylopectin, amylose, seagel, starch acetates, starch hydroxyethyl ethers, ionic starches, long-chain alkylstarches, dextrins, amine starches, phosphate starches and dialdehyde starches. 43-44. (canceled)
 45. The insulating material as recited in claim 28, further comprising a pH increasing agent in an amount of about 0.5 to 10% by weight of the water and selected from the group consisting essentially of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. 46-88. (canceled)
 89. A method for manufacturing an insulating material comprising the steps of: mixing a cement in an amount of about 25 to 90% of weight wet with water in an amount of about 10 to 70% of weight wet; foaming the cement-water mixture using a foaming agent comprising an aluminum powder in an amount of about 0.5 to 3.0% by weight of the cement or a surfactant in an amount of about 0.05 to 4.0% by weight of the water; pouring the foamed cement-water mixture into a mold and allowing the foamed cement-water mixture to rise to form the insulating material; removing the insulating material from the mold; and the insulating material having a maximum use temperature of about 900 degrees Celsius or more, a density in the range of about 0.05 to 1.0 g/cm³, a thermal conductivity in the range of about 0.02 to 1.0 W/(m·K), a compressive strength in the range of about 10 to 3000 PSI, and a flexural strength in the range of about 10 to 3000 PSI.
 90. The method as recited in claim 89, the insulating material having the maximum use temperature of about 1800 degrees Celsius, or a minimum use temperature of about −273 degrees Celsius.
 91. The method as recited in claim 89, the cement comprising an Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), a calcium aluminate cement (CAC), a Sorel cement, a CSA cement, phosphate cement, or a geo-polymer cement.
 92. The method as recited in claim 89, wherein the mixing step is performed for about 1 to 5 minutes.
 93. The method as recited in claim 89, wherein the cement comprises an Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the foaming agent comprises the aluminum powder, and the foaming step is performed for about 5 seconds to 1 minute.
 94. The method as recited in claim 89, wherein: the cement comprises a calcium aluminate cement (CAC), a Sorel cement, a CSA cement, phosphate cement, or a geo-polymer cement; the mixing step further comprises a rheology modifying agent in an amount of about 0.1 to 4.0% of a weight of the cement and selected from the group consisting essentially of polysaccharides, polysaccharide derivatives, proteins, protein derivatives thereof and synthetic organic materials; further comprising the step of adding a pH increasing agent in an amount of about 0.5 to 10% by weight of the water to the cement-water-rheology modifying agent mixture and mixing the cement-water-rheology modifying agent-pH increasing agent mixture for about 5 seconds to 1 minute, wherein the pH increasing agent is selected from the group consisting essentially of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide; the foaming agent comprises the aluminum powder; and the foaming step is performed for about 5 seconds to 1 minute. 95-97. (canceled)
 98. The method as recited in claim 94, wherein: the polysaccharides are selected from the group consisting essentially of cellulose-based materials, derivatives of cellulose-based materials, starch-based materials, and derivatives of starch-based materials; the cellulose-based materials are selected from the group consisting essentially of methylhydroxyethylcellulose (MHEC), hydroxymethylethylcellulose (HMEC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), methylcellulose (MC), ethylcellulose (EC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), hydroxyethylpropylcellulose (HEPC) and hydroxypropoylmethylcelluose (HPMC); and the starch-based materials are selected from the group consisting essentially of wheat starch, pre-gelled wheat starch, potato starch, pre-gelled potato starch, amylopectin, amylose, seagel, starch acetates, starch hydroxyethyl ethers, ionic starches, long-chain alkylstarches, dextrins, amine starches, phosphate starches and dialdehyde starches. 99-102. (canceled)
 103. The method as recited in claim 89, wherein: the mixing step comprises the steps of mixing the water with a rheology-modifying agent, and mixing the cement with the water-rheology-modifying agent; and the foaming agent comprises the surfactant.
 104. The method as recited in claim 89, further comprising the step of premixing the foaming agent with 1-90% of the water, wherein the foaming agent comprises the surfactant.
 105. The method as recited in claim 89, wherein the foaming step is performed using a venturi-type foaming aggregate nozzle.
 106. The method as recited in claim 89, wherein the foamed cement-water mixture is allowed to rise for about 0.5 to 2.0 hours.
 107. The method as recited in claim 89, further comprising the step of curing the insulating material by allowing the insulating material to sit for approximately 28 days in a humid environment, or allowing the insulating material to generate internal heat for 24 to 48 hours, or steam curing the insulating material for 24 to 48 hours.
 109. The method as recited in claim 89, further comprising the step of drying the insulating material.
 110. The method as recited in claim 89, further comprising the step of cutting, trimming, sanding or routing the insulating material into a specified shape, wherein the specified shape comprises a pipe, a half-pipe, a block, a panel or a sheet.
 111. (canceled)
 112. The method as recited in claim 89, further comprising the step of spraying the insulating material with a water repellent.
 113. The method as recited in claim 89, the mixture having a water to cement ratio by weight in the range of about 0.2 to 2.0.
 114. The method as recited in claim 89, the mixture having a water to cement ratio by weight in the range of about 1.0.
 115. The method as recited in claim 89, further comprising the step of adding a conventional high range water reducer in the range of about 0.25 to 4.0% of the cement weight when the water to cement ratio by weight is in the range of about 0.2 to 1.0.
 116. The method as recited in claim 89, further comprising: adding an additive material in an amount of about 0.1 to 50% of weight wet and selected from the group consisting essentially of cement, gypsum, silica fume, fumed silica, plaster of Paris, fly ash, slag, rock and fiber; and wherein the fiber is in an amount of about 0.1 to 20% of weight wet and comprises glass fibers, cellulose fibers polyvinyl alcohol fibers, polypropylene fibers, or a combination thereof. 117-119. (canceled)
 120. The method as recited in claim 89, further comprising the step of adding a strength increasing material in an amount of about 0.1 to 10% of weight wet and comprising fumed silica.
 121. (canceled) 